4C of Diamonds
What Are the 4 Cs?
The 4 Cs are the four pillars that define a diamond’s quality:
– the way it catches and reflects light
– the presence or absence of body color
– the purity and transparency of the crystal
– the stone’s weight, which influences its visual size
This grading system was pioneered by the Gemological Institute of America (GIA)—the world’s most respected authority in gem research and education—and is now recognized worldwide as the universal language for describing diamonds!
- CUT
- CLARITY
- COLOR
- CARAT
Cut
The cut is the single most important factor in a diamond’s brilliance. It measures how skillfully the stone has been shaped so that light can dance back to the eye.
What’s evaluated?
A diamond’s cut grade combines three elements—
1.Proportions (angles and overall depth)
2.Symmetry (precision of facet alignment)
3.Polish (surface finish)
These are blended into five grades, from Excellent down to Poor.
Why does it matter?
Light enters a diamond, ricochets through a maze of facets, then exits in a burst of sparkle. If each facet is set at just the right angle, light stays inside and returns with maximum fire.
Analogy
A great cut is like a perfectly tuned piano. When every key (facet) is in place, the music (light) resonates. If the keys are off, even a masterpiece (large carat, high color) won’t sing.
Grade guide
Excellent → Very Good → Good …Among the 4 Cs, cut has the greatest visible impact on how brightly a diamond shines.
CLARITY
Transparency—whether the stone is free of inclusions and blemishes.
A diamond with no internal or external flaws that hinder the passage of light earns the highest grade, FL (Flawless). From there, clarity is divided into 11 levels according to the type, size, and visibility of inclusions.
What’s evaluated?
Inclusions and surface blemishes: their type, size, position, and number. A grader examines the stone under 10× magnification and assigns a clarity grade based on what is found inside and on the surface.
Grade guide
The scale runs from “nothing visible” to “easily seen with the naked eye,” in 11 steps—Flawless → Internally Flawless → VVS → VS → SI → I. The farther you go down the alphabet, the easier it is to see tiny “dots” or “lines” without magnification.
Analogy
Think of a snow globe: the fewer snowflakes (inclusions), the clearer the scene; the more flakes, the cloudier the view.
Practical tip
Above VVS it becomes hard to notice differences with the naked eye. Within the same budget, you may experience more visible sparkle by investing in better cut or carat weight rather than pushing clarity higher.
COLOR
Diamonds are graded for subtle differences in body color, ranging from colorless to light yellow. The scale runs from D (completely colorless) down to Z (light hue). A D-color stone is pure, icy white and considered the highest quality in color grading.
What’s evaluated?
The closer a diamond comes to absolute colorlessness, the higher its grade. Grade D sits at the pinnacle; as faint traces of yellow or brown increase, the grade drops to E, F, and so on down to Z.
How it appears
Color is more noticeable in thicker stones. In diamonds over 1 ct, the difference between E and G is often visible to the naked eye, whereas in a 0.3 ct stone it may be hard to detect.
Everyday analogy
Picture adding one drop of lemon juice to a glass of water. If the glass is full, the color looks pale; if there’s little water, the same drop appears much darker.
Exception
Fancy colors—pink, blue, and so on—are graded separately. For these, the rule reverses: the richer the color, the rarer and more valuable.
CARAT
What does it measure?
Carat (ct) is a unit of weight, not size; 1 carat equals 0.2 g. Because it measures weight, two diamonds that each weigh 1 ct can differ in face-up diameter depending on how they are cut.
Everyday analogy
A kilogram of cotton and a kilogram of iron weigh the same, yet their volumes are very different. Likewise, a deep-cut diamond shows a smaller table, while a shallow-cut stone looks broader.
Carat alone does not define value
Price generally rises with carat weight, but a diamond’s true value comes from the balance of all the 4 Cs—not carat alone.
Cut
ダイヤモンドの輝きを左右する、カット。美しく光が反射するようカットされているか、評価します。
何を測る?
研磨後のプロポーション(角度や深さ)、シンメトリー(対称性)、ポリッシュ(表面仕上げ)の3要素を総合的に5段階で評価します。
なぜ大事?
光は入射→反射→再放射という“迷路”を経て目に届きます。迷路の壁(ファセット)の角度が最適なら、光は逃げずに戻り、強いブリリアンスが生まれます。
身近な例え
良いカットは「よく調律されたピアノ」。鍵(ファセット)が正しく並ぶことで、光(音)が響きわたる。逆に鍵がゆがむと、どんな名曲(大きい石・高いカラー)でも美しく響かない。
グレードの目安
Excellent/Very Good/Good…と続き、実際に目で見た時「輝き」に最も影響するのはこの項目です。
CLARITY
透明度。傷・ゴミがないか
光の通過を邪魔する内包物やキズが全く認められないものを最高の[FL]クラスとし、以下、内包物の内容により11段階に分かれます。
何を測る?
内包物(インクルージョン)と表面傷(ブレミッシュ)の種類・大きさ・位置・数。専門家が10倍の拡大鏡で、ダイヤモンド内部の内包物やキズの状態を見て基準を判定します。
グレードの目安
何も見えないものから肉眼で見えるものまで、11段階で評価します。Flawless(無欠点)→ Internally Flawless → VVS → VS → SI → I と続き、アルファベットが進むほど肉眼でも“点”や“線”が見えやすくなる。
身近な例え
雪が舞うスノードーム。粉雪(内包物)が少なければクリアに景色が見え、多ければ視界が曇る。
実用的ヒント
VVS 以上になると肉眼で差を感じにくく、同じ予算ならカットやカラットに回したほうが輝きを体感しやすい場合も。
COLOR
ダイヤモンドは無色から黄色までの色調の微妙な違いで格付けされ、D(無色透明)からZ(薄色)の順に分類されます。Dカラーは純粋な無色であり、カラーの中で最高品質として評価されています。
何を測る?
無色透明にどれだけ近いかで評価します。無色=“色味ゼロ”を頂点(グレードD)として、わずかに黄味や褐色が増すに従いE→F→…Z(薄い茶色)へ下がります。
見え方のポイント
色味は厚みで強く感じます。1 ct オーバーではE→Gの差が目に付きやすい一方、0.3 ct なら肉眼で判別しづらいことも。
身近な例え
透明なコップに一滴ずつレモン汁を入れるイメージ。水が多ければ色は薄く見え、量が少なければ同じ一滴でも濃く映ります。
例外
ピンクやブルー等の“ファンシーカラー”は「色が濃いほど希少」という真逆の評価になるので別枠で考えます。
CARAT
何を測る?
カラット(ct)は、実はダイヤモンドの「大きさ」でなく「重さ」の単位で、1カラット=0.2gです。重量尺度なので、同じ 1 ct でもカット次第で見た目の直径は変わります。
身近な例え
同じ1 kgの綿と鉄は、重さは一致しても体積は違う。ダイヤでもプロポーションが深ければテーブル面が狭く、浅ければ広く見える。
ダイヤの価値はカラットだけで決まらない
一般的に、カラットが増すほど高価になりますが、ダイヤモンドの価値はカラットだけで決まるわけではありません。